Organizational Management And Leadership, A Christian...

The research topic for this paper focuses on three subject areas from Chapter 4 of the text book, â€Å"Organizational Management and Leadership, A Christian Perspective†, that seemed most important (Satterlee, 2009). First, vision is an important leadership characteristic because it establishes purpose and sets the path to the future for the entire organization. Second, servant leadership is an important model for leadership as it results in a collaborative culture where all levels of employees are likely to work together to achieve goals. Finally, change leadership is important as change is inevitable and the longevity of an organization can be determined by how effectively change is managed. Key Words: vision, servant leadership, change leadership, Scripture Vision – Servant Leadership – Change Leadership Vision, servant leadership, and change leadership are related, and together they yield practical positive results and are supported by biblical instruction. Vision is one characteristic of a good leader – the ability to communicate the future goals of an organization in such a way as to motivate employees to work hard to support the goals (Satterlee, 2009, 103). Connected to vision is the important model of servant leadership model that focuses on collaborative stewardship versus individual ownership (Satterlee, 2009, p. 113). Finally, change leadership is important because organizational change is inevitable, and visionary leaders who rely on aspects of servantShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Management And Leadership : A Christian Perspective Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion Board 1: Managerial Roles Definition: â€Å"Managerial roles are tasks a manager is expected to perform based on the position he or she holds in the organization.† Satterlee, A. (2013). Organizational management and leadership: A Christian perspective. (2nd ed). North Carolina: Synergistics International Inc. 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BPs Marketing Strategy in Changing Business Environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3655 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? BPs Marketing Strategy in Changing Business Environment 1. Introduction Multinational corporations operating in complex and diverse political, economic, social and cultural environments have to improve, adjust and develop their marketing strategies on a regular basis (Bamberg, 2009:46). Changing environmental factors create new conditions for their operating, which often require considerable and serious changes in strategic decision-making and positioning of companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "BPs Marketing Strategy in Changing Business Environment" essay for you Create order Inflexible and rigid firms will cease to be competitive in the market every time changes occur (Fight, 2006:85). The aim of the present report is to identify the past and present changes in marketing strategy of British Petroleum, which have occurred under the pressure of environmental factors. It is evaluated whether these changes were necessary, and future strategic options for British Petroleum are recommended. 2. Background British Petroleum (BP) is a multi-national gas and oil company located in the United Kingdom. Taking into consideration the size of revenues, BP proves to be the third largest energy company in the world. It is reported that its revenue was equal to as much as $308 billion in 2010 (BP, 2010:18). Working in the field of the gas and oil industry, the corporation carries out a wide range of operations, namely exploration, refining, production, trading, power generation, renewable energy production, etc. BP is presented in more than 80 countries all over the world and employs more than 80,000 workers. The company was founded in 1909 as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, but only in 1954, it was known as the British Petroleum Company. 1998 was marked by the merger with Amoco (BP, 2011:1). Operating in turbulent and dynamic industrial sector, BP has always had to adequately react to the environmental changes and adjust their marketing strategy (Bamberg, 2009:49). 3. BP in Dynamic and Changing Environment Taking into account that this report analyses strategic positioning of BP as a response to environmental changes and influences, the external environment of the company should be carefully scanned. It is important to note that not only contemporary external influences ought to be investigated, but also the environmental factors that used to influence BP some time ago. This will allow for observing changes from a historical perspective. In this sense, the PESTEL framework appears to be a very useful tool. It is argued that the PESTEL framework helps to identify the relative importance of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal influences, and can be used to identify the key long-term drivers of change (Fight, 2006:44). It may be critically stated that recent market events have provided a sharp reminder of the central role of energy for our near-term security; insecurity arises from a range of issues, including geopolitical instability, natural dis asters, terrorism and even poor regulatory design (ORCD, 2003:421). Indeed, geopolitical instability proves to be a powerful political factor, which can influence volatility in the energy markets. It is reported that the world is heavily dependent on Middle East since this region has more than 60% of the worlds oil reserves (Thomas White Global Investing, 2010:1). The key oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Venezuela, Russia and Libya. Oil reserves of these countries are demonstrated in the graph below. It is valid to argue that a number of instability symptoms have been observed in these countries recently, including military conflicts, authoritarian political regimes, corruption, etc. For instance, Venezuela tends to use its oil revenues to finance governmental programmes and ideology (Thomas White Global Investing, 2010:1). As it may be observed from the histogram, Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves in the world, namely 262.2 billion barrels. Canada, Iran and Iraq have 179.2 billion, 136.3 billion and 115 billion barrels respectively (Thomas White Global Investing, 2010:1). In response to the mentioned political influences, BPs strategy has been changed the following way. Generally, it is possible to observe two main tendencies. First, British Petroleum attempts to hedge political risks in the oil producing countries by means of partnership and deals with the governments. For instance, BP signed a contract with the Russian state-run oil company Rosneft in 2009 (Hernandez, 2011:1). Second, the company evacuated its personnel from northern Africa because of growing political instability in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. Simultaneously, BP develops its cooperation with emerging economies in Asia, which are more politically stable, namely India (Hernandez, 2011:1). These changes were necessary in order to avoid political risks in the countries, which prove to be the leading producers of oil. Geopolitical ins tability in the world and political tensions in these countries can be viewed as important factors that have led to the fluctuations in oil prices, which may be illustrated by the following graph. As it may be grasped from the graph, crude oil price reached its maximum in 2008 and constituted as much as $91.48 per barrel (IBP Oil, 2011:1). The period from 2002 to 2008 was marked by the gradual rise in crude oil prices. In 2009, the indicator was equal to $53.56, and oil prices started growing again (IBP Oil, 2011:1). It may be argued that fluctuations in crude oil prices are also the result of economic influences. It is obvious from the graph that crude oil prices skyrocketed simultaneously with the coming of the global financial crisis. Another increase in oil prices occurred during the prolonged recession, in the long-term of the financial crisis (Bamberg, 2009:184; IBP Oil, 2011:1). In accordance with Brigham and Ehrhardt (2010:901), the main causes of fluctuations in crude oil prices are demand and supply forces, investment demand and monetary inflation. The US Dollar inflation can be graphically presented the following way. As it is observed, inflation reached its maximum in 2008 when the indicator was equal to 3.85% (Inflation Data, 2011:1). It has already been stated that the rapid growth of crude oil priced took place the same year. As argued by Brigham and Ehrhardt (2010:901), it is possible to establish cause-effect relations between high inflation and the growth of oil prices. Indeed, these environmental factors had economic influence on British Petroleum. The excessive dependence on non-renewable energy carriers and fluctuations in crude oil prices have contributed to the popularity of renewable energy, namely wind, solar and geothermal (Fight, 2006:93). The point is that the reserves of renewable energy are not limited. In response to these economic influences, BP reconsidered its business strategy the following way. It is re ported that the company started producing solar panels after the acquisitions of Lucas Energy Systems (1980) and Amoco (1998). At the present moment, the company proves to be the largest manufacturer of solar panels in the world. BP has launched two main types of solar energy products, namely products for individual consumers and products for organisations. For instance, the firm is planning to run a new solar energy project aimed at energy supply for Wal-Mart stores (BP, 2011:1). Furthermore, it is reported that BP invested more than $6 billion in wind and biofuel energy projects during the period from 2005 to 2010 (BP, 2010:61). These changes were necessary because the PB attempted to attract customers by cheaper and green energy. The volumes of green energy production by BP can be presented by the following graph. It is illustrated by the histogram that BP produced as much as 774 megawatts in 2010. The total volume of wind energy produced by the company is more than the volume of solar energy (BP, 2010:63). However, the company tends to produce more solar energy every following year. If 162 megawatts were produced in 2008, the indicator increased to the level of 325 megawatts in 2010 (BP, 2010:63). Global energy consumption patterns may be viewed as an important social influence on BP. The following histogram illustrates the changes in energy consumption during the last two decades. It can be observed that the worlds population consumed as much as 8,131 million tons in oil equivalent in 1990. However, the indicator constituted 11,808 million tons in 2010 (BP, 2011:1). However, it should be taken into consideration that energy is not consumed equally by different regions of the world (BP, 2011:1). The following graph illustrates energy consumption patterns by economic zones, unions and countries. As it may be understood, this social influence could lead to changes in marketing strategy of BP. It is reported that nearly 20% of the worl d energy is consumed in the US market. To be more specific, the indicator was equal to 89,021 kWh/hab in 1990 and decreased to the level of 87,216 kWh/hab in 2008 (BP, 2011:1). It can be observed that the EU countries consume half the amount of energy used in the US; it constitutes 40,812 kWh/hab. It is interesting to note that the EU consumption patterns had grown by 2008. Furthermore, it should be emphasised that such regions as Middle East and China have experienced enormous growth of energy consumption recently (BP, 2011:1). In response to these socials changes, BP has reconsidered and changed its strategy the following way. The company used to operate in the US market very actively and have large manufacturing facilities in this country during the 1990s. It is understandable that the region consuming nearly 20% of the world energy will be of strategic interest for British Petroleum (Bamberg, 2009:142). Nevertheless, the company attempted to move considerable part of its manufacturing facilities from the US to China during the 2000s. For instance, BPs factories in Frederick, Maryland were closed in 2000 (Wenying, 2004:100). Moving production facilities to China continued regardless of the fact that the Chinese government issued a number of protectionist laws, which require than no less than 85% of input materials must be manufactured in China (Bamberg, 2009:83). These changes were necessary because energy consumption patterns in the US market had reduced by 2008. It may be argued that technological progress is associated with the growth of energy consumption patterns by such sectors as industry and transport. The following graph can be presented to illustrate this relationship. All the four sectors have experienced growth in energy consumption recently. It is reported that in 2008, industry and transport used 27,273 TWh and 26,742 TWh respectively (BP, 2011). It may be explained by the fact that new technologies are more energy consumin g. Furthermore, rapid growth of the worlds population means that more and more oil should be spent on manufacturing of industrial goods and transportation (Bamberg, 2009:42). For example, there were about 400 million motor cars in 2000; however, the total amount of vehicles constitutes more than 750 million today (Heitmann, 2009:167). These technological changes have led to the following reconsiderations and amendments in BPs strategy. First, the company started popularising efficient use of energy and invested in energy efficiency of industrial enterprises and engines for motor vehicles (BP, 2010:53). Second, BP introduces new technologies in their own production process. It was officially stated by the Group Chief Executive that the answer to the problems caused by some technology is more and better technology to reduce the environmental impact of exploration, to reduce the carbon content of the fuels we use, to give people everywhere better choices (BP, 2001:1). To be m ore specific, BP has rationalised transportation of oil and its products and has reduced the content of carbon in its fuel (Bamberg, 2009:142). Being an energy company, BP is subjected to manifold environmental influences. It is possible to differentiate between environmental factors that refer to the global ecological changes and environmental influences provoked by the company itself. The latter are numerous chemical leaks, oil spills and dumping of hazardous substances. For instance, BP was blamed for dumping of chemical wasted in Alaska during the period from 1993 to 1995 (Roach, 2006:1). Prudhoe Bay oil spill, which occurred in August 2006, was the result of pipeline corrosion. More than 5,000 barrels of crude oil leaked and caused environmental damage to the sea life. Another problem was registered in Texas City in 2010 when there was a chemical leak of hazardous elements into the atmosphere (Aulds, 2010:1). Regardless of the fact that BP runs a great number of gre en practices and corporate social responsibilities (investment in renewable energy projects, restoration of the environment after oil accidents, funding of ecological projects and initiatives, etc.), the company was given the Greenwash Award in 2009 (Green Peace, 2010:24). The firm tends to manipulate the public paying considerable attention to its CSR activities. It is argued that BP spends on green practices less than it is proclaimed in official statements of the company (Green Peace, 2010:26). It can be summarised that BP attempted to build positive public image by its green practices in response to the mentioned environmental influences. However, these attempts cannot be classified as successful. These changes in strategy cannot be classified as a necessity. The company could have been more open and honest with the public, which could have created more positive public image. Finally, it may be stated that BP has already had a series of legal arguments with the governme nts and non-governmental organisations. It is reported that yet already BPs actions are facing unprecedented scrutiny, thanks to a years-long history of legal and ethical violations that critics, judges and members of Congress say shows that the London-based company has a penchant for putting profits ahead of just about everything else (Mauer and Tinsley, 2010:1). In response to these legal influences, the company has become more careful and prudent (Aulds, 2010:1). 4. Strategic Position of BP Prior to the identification of the generic strategy of BP, it is necessary to conduct a stakeholder analysis and detect the recent changes in BPs attitude towards different interest groups. The main stakeholders of the company are the government, the press, suppliers, ecological organisations, customers, alliance partners, shareholders, the public and employees (BP, 2010:34). The positioning of these interest groups in the stakeholder matrix can be presented the following way. It may be observed that role of the governments has changed under the influence of political influences and geopolitical instability. The governments of oil producing countries and suppliers appear to be very powerful (BP, 2010:74). At the present moment, BP has to build strong long-term relationships with governments in order to avoid political risks, limitations and possible restrictions (Thomas White Global Investing, 2010:1). It is argued that ecological organisations and customers are less power ful, but they tend to demonstrate greater interest to the company. Ecological organisations and the public are worried about harmful effects of the companys operations. Customers are interested in BP because the energy consumption patterns are growing and there is always demand for oil (Bamberg, 2009:34). The company has several groups of customers, namely car owners using service stations (Aral, ARCO, BP Connect, BP Express and BP2go), users of convenience stores, users of solar panels, users of motor oils and derived products, the transport industry and the aerospace industry (BP, 2010:74). Another important change that has happened recently is that employees power has increased. This change can be explained by several accidents, disasters and safety problems, which have occurred at British Petroleum. For instance, it is stated by the US Department of Labour (2011:1) that the explosion in the isomerisation unit of the BP refinery in Texas City led to the death of 15 worke rs and injury of 170 employees. Similar scandals attract the public attention and interest and stimulate better maintenance of safety standards and norms. It should be noted that the power of the press and the public has increased too (Green Peace, 2010:21). Discussing generic strategies of the company, it is also possible to identify changes. At the early stages of its development, BP was following the cost leadership strategy (Bamberg, 2009:132). Indeed, the company made considerable efforts to remain the leader in developing costs. Nevertheless, it is argued by Business Leadership (2011:1) that the firms cost reduction practices were the main reason for oil spills and leaks. Cost cutting measures prevented the company from timely and regular repairs and maintenance of the infrastructure (Business Leadership, 2011:1). BP has transformed the cost leadership strategy into the differentiation strategy by the present moment. It is argued that the company has endeavoured to redefine its market space by laying claim to activities beyond oil and gas such as alternative energy and a lower carbon future (Bright, 2011:4). As it may be seen, the turbulent and changing external environment has forced BP to undertake a series of new decisions, which were different from those undertaken in the past. These changes in the corporate marketing strategy can be evaluated as a normal reaction to external political, economic, social and technological influences. As a result, it is possible to observe the change in stakeholders power and interest towards the company. Furthermore, BPs generic strategy has evolved from cost leadership into differentiation (Business Leadership, 2011:1; Bright, 2011:4). 5. Future Strategic Options The discussion of future challenges for BP will reveal that future energy consumption patterns will continue growing. The forecast of future changes may be presented the following way. The total volume of energy consumed by the world will have constituted as much as 16,432 million tons in oil equivalent by 2030 (BP, 2011:1). Another important challenge that should be taken into account is possible growth and fluctuations of oil prices. The company should avoid accidents, disasters and safety problems, which prove to be serious challenges to British Petroleum. Finally growing popularity and demand for renewable energy are both opportunity and challenge for the firm (Aulds, 2010:4). Relying on the previously identified environmental influences and pressures, it can be suggested that British Petroleum should follow the diversification strategy as a future option. In accordance with Ansoff matrix, diversification is the strategy, which implies entering new markets with new p roducts (Meldrum and McDonald, 2007:142). This choice of the future strategic option can be explained by a number of reasons. First, growing geopolitical instability and political risks and oil producing countries have forced BP to entering new markets, which are characterised by considerable potential. Second, the company can continue running and developing renewable energy projects, which have become very popular (Hernandez, 2011:1). In the conditions of growing demand for energy, growing consumption patterns and increasing crude oil prices, the company should be more active in the field of alternative energy. A modified version of strategic options was offered by Turner (2005:340). As it can be grasped from the improved framework, BP should follow the offensive strategy in future. It is implied that new services should be delivered to more politically stable and balanced markets (Turner, 2005:340). It is expected that this choice of the future strategy will be consi stent with contemporary changes and tendencies in the industry, namely growing demand for renewable energy, unstable crude oil prices, ecological awareness and energy efficiency (Bamberg, 2009:153). 6. Conclusion and Recommendations It may be concluded that the main strategic changes undertaken by British Petroleum in response to the turbulent and dynamic environment are contracts with the governments to avoid political risks, moving to more stable countries such as India from the northern Africa, acquisition of the solar panel manufacturers, investment in wind and solar projects, moving manufacturing facilities to China, investment in energy efficiency, reduction of carbon content in fuels, participation in green activities an greenwashing. The company had to transform its generic strategy from cost leadership to differentiation since cost reducing practices had led to oil spills and leaks. It may be summarised that the identified changes were necessary. Nevertheless, the company could have been more honest and open in its CSR projects. It is recommended that BP should use the diversification strategy as a future strategic option in order to continue responding to the environmental challenges. The co mpany should diversify its product range associated with the production of solar and wind energy for individual and corporate customers. It is expected that these products will be popular in the emerging markets such as India and China where incomes are not high, but energy consumption patterns are growing very fast. Furthermore, it is recommended that the company should increase expenditures on infrastructure maintenance and employee safety. Together with alternative energy production, this will positively influence corporate reputation after the recent safety scandals and greenwashing. Finally, it is recommended that BP should continue popularising efficient use of energy by individual consumers and industrial enterprises. References Aulds, T. (2010) BP: 500,000 pounds of emissions released, The Daily News, [online] Available at: https://galvestondailynews.com/story/157738/ [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Bamberg, J. (2009) The History of the British Petroleum Company, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BP (2001) Technology and business a progress report, [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98contentId=2000347 [Accessed 8 May 2011]. BP (2010) Annual Report, [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/I/BP_Annual_Report_and_Form_20F.pdf [Accessed 8 May 2011]. BP (2011) Strategy, [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/genericsection.do?categoryId=135contentId=7038549 [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M. (2010) Financial Management: Theory and Practice, 13th ed., London: Cengage Learning. Bright, F. (2011) BPs Competitive Strategy: Leadership at What Cost?, [online] Available at: htt ps://www.themixoilandwater.com/2011/01/bps-competitive-strategy-leadership-at.html [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Business Leadership (2011) BP cost-cutting contributed to spill, [online] Available at: https://www.businessandleadership.com/leadership/item/27593-bp-cost-cutting-contributed [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Fight, A. (2006) Cash flow forecasting, London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Green Peace (2010) Carbon Scam, [online] Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/1/carbon-scam-noel-kempff-clima.pdf [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Griffin, R. (2006) Management, 9th ed., London: Cengage Learning. Heitmann, J. (2009) The automobile and American life, New York: McFarland. Hernandez, J. (2011) BP strikes $7.2 billion oil deal with Indian company, [online] Available at: https://www.trendbuzz.com/technology/12913/bp-strikes-7-2-billion-oil-deal-with-indian-company.html [Accessed 8 May 2011]. IBP Oil (2011) History Of Illinois Basin Posted Crude Oil Prices, [online] Available at: https://www.ioga.com/Special/crudeoil_Hist.htm [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Inflation Data (2011) Historical Inflation, [online] Available at: https://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/HistoricalInflation.aspx [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Mauer, R. and Tinsley, A. (2010) Gulf oil spill: BP has a long record of legal, ethical violations, McClatchy Newspapers, [online] Available at: https://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html#ixzz0nZaTzdqN [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Meldrum, M. and McDonald, M. (2007) Marketing in a nutshell: key concepts for non-specialists, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ORCD (2003) Energy policies of IEA countries: 2003 review, New York: OECD Publishing. Roach, J. (2006) Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling, National Geographic, [online] Available at: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Thomas Whi te Global Investing (2010) Geopolitical Instability and Energy Prices, [online] Available at: https://www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/Geopolitical-Instability%20.aspx [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Turner, C. (2005) The international strategies of Europes incumbent telecommunications operators: towards a strategic typology, European Business Review, Vol. 17, Issue 4, pp. 340-351. US Department of Labour (2011) BP History Fact Sheet, [online] Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dep/bp/bphistory.html [Accessed 8 May 2011]. Wenying, C. (2004) Chinas energy outlook 2004, New York: Guida Editori.

Asian American Essay - 738 Words

The American Community in the 1900amp;#8217;s to the 1920amp;#8217;s was in fact a totally different generation than its successor not only because of cultural and economic reasons but also because of world events and the rise of technology. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Americans in the early 1900amp;#8217;s were a closely knit generation with a sense of community, morals, and obligations. They had an quot;instilledquot; set of ideals and values and their lives were very much affected by the rise of technology. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Living in America in the early part of the 1900amp;#8217;s was a hard and trying era through such turbulent times as the Great Depression, World War I, and the Industrial Revolution. Such†¦show more content†¦Americans from every walk of life were affected by this terrible event. 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Species Essay Research Paper Concept of Species free essay sample

Speciess Essay, Research Paper Concept of Species Over the last few decennaries the Biological Species Concept ( BSC ) has become predominately the dominant species definition used. This construct defines a species as a generative community. This though has had much polish through the old ages. The earliest precursor to the construct is in Du Rietz ( 1930 ) , so subsequently Dobzhansky added to this definition in 1937.But even after this the definition was extremely restrictive. The definition of a species that is accepted as the Biological species construct was founded by Ernst Mayr ( 1942 ) ; ? ..groups of really or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups? However, this is a definition on what happens in nature. Mayr subsequently amended this definition to include an ecological constituent ; ? ..a generative community of populations ( reproductively isolated from others ) that occupies a specific niche in nature The BSC is greatly recognized amongst craniate animal scientists A ; bugologists. Two grounds account for this.Firstly these are the groups that the writers of the BSC worked with. ( Mayr is an bird watcher A ; Dobzhansky has worked chiefly with Drosophila ) . More significantly Sexual reproduction is the overriding signifier of reproduction in these groups. It is non coinciding that the BSC is less widely used amongst phytologists. Tellurian workss exhibit much more greater diverseness in their manner of reproduction than craniates and insects. There has been many unfavorable judgments of the BSC in its theoretical cogency and practical public-service corporation. For illustration, the application of the BSC to a figure of groups is debatable because of interspecies hybridization between clearly delimited species. ( Skelton ) . It cant be applied to species that reproduce asexually ( e.g Bdelloid rotifers, eugelenoid mastigophorans ) .Asexual signifiers of usually sexual beings are besides known. Prokaryotes are besides left out by the construct because gender as defined in the eucaryotes is unknown. The Biological species construct is besides questionable in those land workss that chiefly self-pollinate. ( Cronquist 1988 ) . Practically the BSC has its restrictions in the most obvious signifier of fossils.-It buzzword be applied to this evolutionary distinct group because they no longer copulate. ( Do homo Erectus and gay sapiens represent the same or different species? ) It besides has restrictions when practically applied to specify species. The BSC suggests engendering experiments as the trial of whether a n being is a distinguishable species. But this is a trial seldom made, as the figure of crosses needed to specify a species can be monolithic. So the clip, attempt and money needed to transport out such trials is prohibitory. Not merely this but the experiment carried out are frequently inconclusive. In pattern even strong trusters of the BSC usage phenetic similarities and discontinuties for specifying species. Although more widely known, several options to the biological species concept exist. The Phenetic ( or Morphological / Recognition ) Species Concept proposes an option to the BSC ( Cronquist ) that has been called a # 8220 ; renewed practical species definition # 8221 ; . This defines species as ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the smallest groups that are systematically and persistently distinguishable and distinguishable by ordinary means. # 8221 ; Problems with this definition can be seen, one time once more depending on the background of the user. For illustration # 8220 ; ordinary means # 8221 ; includes any techniques that are widely available, inexpensive and comparatively easy to use. These agencies will differ among different groups of beings. For illustration, to a phytologist working with flowering plants ordinary agencies might intend a manus lens ; to an bugologist working with beetles it might intend a dissecting microscope ; to a phycologist working with diatoms it might intend a scanning electron microscope. What means are ordinary are determined by what is needed to analyze the beings in inquiry. So one time once more we see that it is a Subjective position depending on how the life scientist wants to read the definition. It besides has similar troubles to the BSC in specifying between nonsexual species and being of loanblends. There are several phyletic species definitions. All of them suggest hat categorizations should reflect the best supported hypotheses of the evolution of the beings. Baum ( 1992 ) describes two types of phyletic species constructs, one of thes is that A species must be monophyletic and portion one or more derived character. There are two significances to monophyletic ( Nelson 1989 ) . The first defines a monophyletic group as all the posterities of a common ascendant and the ascendant. The 2nd defines a monophyletic group as a group of beings that are more closely related to each other than to any other beings. So truly, the species constructs are merely theoretical and by no means no criterion as to which species should be grouped. However it can be argued that without a more stuructured approached proper treatment can non happen due to conflicting species names. And so, if there are rather big jobs with all of the species constructs, the inquiry about what is used in practicehas to be asked. Most taxonomers use on or more of four chief standards ; ( Stace 1990 ) 1.The persons should bear a close resemblance to one another such that they are ever readily recognizable as members of that group 2.There are spreads between the spectra of fluctuation exhibite by related species ; if there are no such spreads so there is a instance for mixing the taxtas a individual species. 3.Each species occupies a definable geographical country ( broad or narrow ) and is provably suited to the environmental conditions which it encounters. 4.In sexual taxa, the persons should be capable of crossbreeding with small or no loss of birthrate, and at that place are should be some decrease in the levelll or success ( measured in footings of intercrossed fetility or fight of traversing with other species. Of class, as has been seen, no 1 of these standards is absolute and it is more frequently left to the taxonomers ain opinion. Quite often a categorization system is brought about from the incorrect grounds. Between two taxa similarities and differences can be found which have to be consisdered, and it is merely up to the taxonomers discretion as to which differences or simila rities should be empahasised. So differences are of course traveling to originate between taxonomists.The system used can be brought about for convienience, from historical facets and to salvage statement. # 8211 ; It may be a batch easier to lodge with a current construct, although necessitating extremist alterations, because of the turbulence and confusion that may be caused. As seen much has been written on the different constructs and betterments to these constructs but these sum to little more than personal opinions aimed at bring forthing a feasible categorization ( Stace ) .In general most Biologists adopt the definition of species that is most suitable to the type of animate being or works that they are working with at the clip and utilize their ain opinion as to what that means. It is common pattern amongst most taxonomers to look for discontinuities in fluctuation which can be used to specify the lands, divisions etc.. Between a group of closley related taxa it can be utile, although extremely subjective, to utilize the crtieria of equality or comparibility. Normally nevertheless, the standards of discontinuity is more accurate than comparibility, even if the taxa are widely different. Mentions Mayr, Ernst, 1904-/Systematics and the beginning of species: from the point of view of a zoologist/1942/QH 366 Cronquist, Arthur / The development and categorization of blooming plants/1968/QK 980 Stace, Clive A. , Clive Anthony, 1938-/ Plant taxonomy and biosystematics/1991/QK 990 Stuessy, Tod F / Plant taxonomy: the systematic rating of comparative data/1990/QK 95 Development: a biological and paleontological attack / editor [ for the Course Team ] Peter Skelton/1993/QH 366 hypertext transfer protocol: //wfscnet.tamu.edu/courses/wfsc403/ch_7.htm # 8211 ; Interspecific Competition hypertext transfer protocol: //sevilleta.unm.edu/~lruedas/systmat.html # 8211 ; Phylogenetic Species Concept

Early Care Education Practice in Ireland free essay sample

Earlier in Ireland pre-school did not really exist in Ireland until the 1980s and 1990s. this was largely due to the fact that until quite recently the majority of Irish women did not work outside the home, even if they did childcare was usually provided by family members or child minder’s located in the community and known to the family, the marriage bar meant that women working in the public service had to leave their jobs as soon as they got married and become stay at home mothers and wives. This ban was lifted in 1957 for a primary school teacher, but it was 1973 before the ban was lifted other women in the public service. The ECCE needs of babies, young children, and their families met instead by a board range of community, voluntary and private enterprise. ECCE service provision was unregulated until 1997.When the child care regulations 2006 came into effects, no stipulation as made regarding the qualifications necessary to deliver such service beyond the person having t heir own children, a reference to show appropriate experience in caring for children and an appropriate qualification. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Care Education Practice in Ireland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One important initiative came from the public sector in 1969, with the opening of a state-run pre-school in Rutland street Dublin. The Department of Education worked with the Van Leer Foundation an organization that promotes the early education of children living in economically disadvantaged areas. Together, thy setup the pre-school in Rutland Street as a template for other, such pre-schools around the country. These pre-schools were also known as Early Star pre-school. A total of 40 pre-school opened nationally. In 1992, Ireland ratified the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child. This helped to bring to public consciousness the right of children. And in 2000, the Department of Health and Children published the National Children’s strategy.This policy set out a ten-year plan for the improvement of children’s lives in Ireland. One of the goals of the National Children’s Strategy children will receive quality support and service to promote all aspects of their development. The policy aims to fulfill this by providing quality childcare service and family-friendly environment measures. There have been many other significant initiatives and decisions in Ireland in recent years to respond to the demand for equality in ECCE in 1989, the national Forum on Early Childhood Education was established. This brought together organizations individuals with an interest in early childhood education. In 1999 the National Voluntary Childcare Collaborative was established. Today the organization comprises seven national non-government agencies